Growing cannabis is an exciting journey. You start with a tiny seed, and in just a few months, it transforms into a lush plant full of fragrant buds. But growing high-quality cannabis isn’t just about planting a seed and hoping for the best.
Each phase—germination, seedling, vegetative, flowering, and harvesting—has different needs. Light, water, nutrients, and environment all play a role in determining how well your plant grows. If you give it the right conditions, it will thrive. If not, you might end up with weak plants or a disappointing harvest.
Understanding the Cannabis Growth Cycle
Cannabis plants go through several stages before they are ready for harvest. Each stage has different needs for light, water, and nutrients. Understanding these stages helps ensure healthy growth and a successful yield.
The 6 Main Stages of Cannabis Growth:
THCV isn’t as common as THC or CBD, which means finding high-quality THCV products can be a challenge. The amount of THCV in a cannabis plant depends on two things:
Germination (1–7 days)
The seed absorbs moisture, sprouts, and grows its first root.
Seedling Stage (2–3 weeks)
Small leaves begin to form, and the plant starts to grow.
Vegetative Stage (3–15 weeks)
The plant becomes stronger, producing more leaves and branches.
Pre-Flowering Stage (1–2 weeks)
The plant begins showing signs of its sex (male or female).
Flowering Stage (6–8 weeks)
Harvesting
Each phase is essential to the plant’s development. Now, let’s start with the first stage—germination.
Germination: The Start of Growth (1–7 Days)
The germination stage is when the cannabis seed comes to life. A healthy seed is usually hard, dry, and brown. White or green seeds may be immature and unlikely to sprout.
What Happens During Germination?
- The seed absorbs water and activates growth.
- A small root (radicle) emerges and grows downward.
- A stem pushes upward, carrying the seed shell.
- The first two cotyledon leaves appear, helping the plant absorb light.
How to Germinate Cannabis Seeds
- Paper Towel Method – Place seeds between moist paper towels in a dark, warm place.
- Soil Method – Plant seeds about 0.5 inches deep in moist soil.
- Water Soaking Method – Soak seeds in a glass of water for 12–24 hours before planting.
Ideal Conditions for Germination
- Temperature: 70–85°F (21–29°C)
- Humidity: 70–90%
- Darkness: Seeds sprout best in the dark.
- Moisture: Keep the seeds damp but not soaked.
Signs of Healthy Germination
- The root appears within 1–7 days.
- The stem stands upright.
- The first small leaves emerge.
Once the seed develops its first true leaves, it enters the seedling stage.
Seedling Stage: The Baby Plant (2–3 Weeks)
After germination, the cannabis plant enters the seedling stage. This is a critical phase where the plant is still fragile and requires careful attention. Healthy seedlings will grow into strong plants, while weak seedlings may struggle to survive.
What Happens During Germination?
- The seed absorbs water and activates growth.
- A small root (radicle) emerges and grows downward.
- A stem pushes upward, carrying the seed shell.
- The first two cotyledon leaves appear, helping the plant absorb light.
How to Germinate Cannabis Seeds
- Paper Towel Method – Place seeds between moist paper towels in a dark, warm place.
- Soil Method – Plant seeds about 0.5 inches deep in moist soil.
- Water Soaking Method – Soak seeds in a glass of water for 12–24 hours before planting.
Ideal Conditions for Germination
- Temperature: 70–85°F (21–29°C)
- Humidity: 70–90%
- Darkness: Seeds sprout best in the dark.
- Moisture: Keep the seeds damp but not soaked.
Signs of Healthy Germination
- The root appears within 1–7 days.
- The stem stands upright.
- The first small leaves emerge.
Vegetative Stage: Rapid Growth (3–15 Weeks)
The vegetative stage is when the cannabis plant grows rapidly, developing strong stems, broad leaves, and a deep root system. This stage is crucial because the more the plant grows now, the bigger the buds it will produce later.
What Happens During the Vegetative Stage?
- The plant grows taller and produces more leaves and branches.
- Roots spread deeper to support the larger plant structure.
- The stem thickens to handle future bud production.
- The plant begins storing energy for the flowering stage.
How to Care for a Cannabis Plant in the Vegetative Stage
- Light: 18+ hours per day with strong LED or HPS grow lights.
- Water: Increase watering as the plant grows, but avoid waterlogging the roots.
- Humidity: 40–70 percent to maintain steady growth.
- Temperature: 70–85°F (21–29°C) for optimal development.
- Nutrients: High nitrogen and potassium to support leaf and root growth.
- Air Circulation: Good airflow prevents mold and strengthens the plant.
Training Techniques for Bigger Yields
- Topping: Cutting the main stem to encourage multiple colas (bud sites).
- Low-Stress Training (LST): Bending stems gently to create an even canopy.
- Pruning: Removing unnecessary lower leaves to focus energy on bud production.
Signs of a Healthy Vegetative Plant
- Strong, thick stems.
- Deep green leaves with no discoloration.
- Steady vertical and lateral growth.
Pre-Flowering Stage: Identifying Plant Sex (1–2 Weeks)
As the cannabis plant moves out of the vegetative stage, it enters pre-flowering, a short transition phase before full flowering begins. This is when growers determine the sex of their plants, an important step for those growing female plants for bud production.
What Happens During the Pre-Flowering Stage?
- The plant slows its vertical growth and prepares to produce buds.
- Sex characteristics appear at the nodes (where branches meet the main stem).
- If growing photoperiod cannabis, reducing light exposure to 12 hours a day will trigger full flowering.
How to Identify Male vs. Female Cannabis Plants
| Plant Type | Characteristics | Action Needed |
| Female Plant | Develops white, hair-like pistils at the nodes, which later form buds. | Keep and nurture for bud production. |
| Male Plant | Produces small, round pollen sacs that cluster together; these sacs will eventually burst and release pollen. | Remove immediately to prevent pollination of female plants. |
| Hermaphrodite Plant | Has both pollen sacs and pistils, meaning it can self-pollinate and pollinate other plants. | Remove to avoid seed production and maintain bud quality. |
What to Do During Pre-Flowering
- Remove male plants if growing sinsemilla (seedless buds).
- Monitor light exposure—indoor growers should switch to a 12/12 light cycle for flowering.
- Adjust nutrients—gradually reduce nitrogen and increase phosphorus and potassium to support bud formation.
Once the plant is confirmed as female and light cycles are adjusted, it enters the flowering stage, where buds begin to form and mature.
Flowering Stage: Bud Development (6–8 Weeks)
The flowering stage is when cannabis plants begin producing the buds that will eventually be harvested. This is the most exciting phase for growers, but it also requires close monitoring to ensure healthy bud development.
- The plant stops focusing on leaf and stem growth and redirects energy to bud production.
- White pistils on female plants become more visible.
- Trichomes (tiny resin glands) begin forming, giving the buds their sticky texture.
- The aroma intensifies as terpenes develop.
- Light: 12 hours of light, 12 hours of complete darkness to keep the plant in flowering mode.
- Water: Increase slightly, but avoid overwatering to prevent mold and root rot.
- Humidity: Reduce to 40–50 percent to prevent bud rot.
- Temperature: Maintain 65–80°F (18–27°C).
- Nutrients: Lower nitrogen levels and increase phosphorus and potassium to support bud growth.
- Air Circulation: Essential for preventing mold and ensuring even bud development.
- Pistils Change Color: White hairs turn orange or brown.
- Trichomes Become Milky or Amber: A magnifying glass can help check trichome color. Milky trichomes indicate peak THC levels, while amber trichomes suggest a more relaxing effect.
- Buds Feel Dense and Sticky: Fully mature buds should be firm and covered in resin.
Harvesting: Cutting, Drying, and Curing for Best Quality
After weeks of careful growth, the cannabis plant is finally ready to be harvested. Proper harvesting techniques ensure that the buds retain their potency, flavor, and aroma.
When to Harvest Cannabis
The best time to harvest depends on pistil and trichome color:
| Indicator | Appearance | Effect on Buds |
|---|---|---|
| Pistils (Hairs) | Mostly white | Buds are still immature. Wait longer. |
| Pistils (Hairs) | 50–70% orange/brown | Peak THC levels, balanced high. Ideal harvest time. |
| Pistils (Hairs) | Over 70% brown | THC is degrading, more sedative effect. |
| Trichomes (Resin Glands) | Clear | Buds are not ready yet. |
| Trichomes (Resin Glands) | Milky white | Highest THC levels, strong effects. Ideal harvest time. |
| Trichomes (Resin Glands) | Amber | More CBD, relaxing effect. Harvest for a calmer high. |
How to Harvest Cannabis
- Cut the Plant – Use sharp scissors or pruning shears to cut branches individually or chop the whole plant.
- Trim Excess Leaves – Remove large fan leaves to improve airflow during drying.
- Hang to Dry – Hang branches upside down in a dark, well-ventilated room with 45–55% humidity and temperatures around 60–70°F (15–21°C).
- Drying Time – Allow buds to dry for 7–14 days until the stems snap instead of bending.
How to Harvest Cannabis
- Cut the Plant – Use sharp scissors or pruning shears to cut branches individually or chop the whole plant.
- Trim Excess Leaves – Remove large fan leaves to improve airflow during drying.
- Hang to Dry – Hang branches upside down in a dark, well-ventilated room with 45–55% humidity and temperatures around 60–70°F (15–21°C).
- Drying Time – Allow buds to dry for 7–14 days until the stems snap instead of bending.
Curing for Maximum Flavor and Potency
- Store dried buds in airtight glass jars.
- Open jars once daily for the first week to release excess moisture.
- Cure for 2–4 weeks for the best aroma, flavor, and smoothness.
Proper drying and curing prevent mold growth and help develop the best taste and potency in cannabis buds.
Post-Harvest Processing: Storing and Preserving Quality
Once cannabis has been dried and cured, proper storage is essential to maintain its potency, flavor, and freshness. Exposure to light, air, humidity, and temperature fluctuations can degrade cannabinoids and terpenes over time.
Best Practices for Storing Cannabis
- Use airtight glass jars to prevent exposure to excess air, which can dry out the buds and degrade quality.
- Keep storage temperature between 60–70°F (15–21°C) to prevent cannabinoids from breaking down.
- Maintain humidity between 55–62% to keep buds fresh without risking mold growth.
- Store in a dark place to protect cannabis from UV light, which degrades THC over time.
- Limit air exposure by sealing jars tightly, but open them occasionally to release trapped moisture.
Common Storage Mistakes to Avoid
- Avoid plastic bags and containers as they can cause buds to lose moisture and potency.
- Do not store in a refrigerator or freezer since temperature fluctuations can introduce moisture and damage trichomes.
Never leave cannabis exposed to air for long periods as this speeds up THC degradation, reducing potency.
How Long Can Cannabis Be Stored?
- Properly cured and stored cannabis can stay fresh for six months to a year.
- After a year, THC levels start to degrade, resulting in weaker effects.
- Long-term storage beyond a year may lead to a noticeable loss of aroma, flavor, and potency.
By following these storage guidelines, cannabis can remain fresh, potent, and enjoyable long after harvest.
Environmental Factors That Affect Cannabis Growth
The quality and yield of cannabis depend not only on nutrients and light but also on environmental conditions. Temperature, humidity, airflow, and cleanliness all play a crucial role in plant health and bud development.
Key Environmental Factors for Healthy Growth
Temperature Control
- Ideal temperature ranges vary by growth stage:
- Seedling stage: 68–77°F (20–25°C)
- Vegetative stage: 70–85°F (21–29°C)
- Flowering stage: 65–80°F (18–27°C)
- High temperatures can cause heat stress, while low temperatures can slow growth and affect bud quality.
Humidity Levels
- Seedlings: 65–80% to prevent drying out.
- Vegetative plants: 40–70% to encourage strong growth.
- Flowering plants: 40–50% to reduce the risk of mold and bud rot.
- Excess humidity can lead to mold and mildew, while low humidity can dry out plants and stunt growth.
Air Circulation and Ventilation
- Fresh air prevents CO₂ depletion, which is essential for photosynthesis.
- Good airflow reduces the risk of mold, mildew, and pests.
- Oscillating fans help strengthen plant stems and distribute air evenly.
Cleanliness in the Grow Space
- The root appears within 1–7 days.
- The stem stands upright.
- The first small leaves emerge.
Common Challenges and How to Fix Them
Growing cannabis comes with challenges, but recognizing issues early can prevent major problems. Some of the most common difficulties involve pests, mold, nutrient deficiencies, and environmental stressors.
1. Pests and Insects
Signs: Tiny holes in leaves, yellowing, or visible bugs.
Common Pests: Spider mites, aphids, thrips, and fungus gnats.
Solutions:
- Use neem oil or insecticidal soap to control infestations.
- Introduce beneficial insects like ladybugs to eat pests.
- Maintain proper air circulation to prevent bugs from thriving.
2. Mold and Mildew
Signs: White powdery spots on leaves or fuzzy mold on buds.
Causes: High humidity, poor airflow, or excessive watering.
Solutions:
- Reduce humidity levels, especially during flowering.
- Increase airflow with fans and ventilation.
- Remove infected areas immediately to prevent spreading.
3. Nutrient Deficiencies
Signs: Yellowing leaves, brown spots, or weak growth.
Common Deficiencies:
- Nitrogen (N): Yellowing lower leaves, slow growth.
- Phosphorus (P): Dark green or purple leaves, weak stems.
- Potassium (K): Brown leaf edges, curling tips.
Solutions: - Adjust nutrient feeding based on plant stage.
- Use pH-balanced water (5.8–6.5 for soil, 5.5–6.0 for hydroponics).
- Flush plants if experiencing nutrient lockout.
4. Overwatering or Underwatering
- The root appears within 1–7 days.
- The stem stands upright.
- The first small leaves emerge.
5. Heat Stress and Light Burn
Signs: Curling leaves, dry brown edges, or faded color.
Solutions:- Maintain proper temperature levels (avoid extremes).
- Keep grow lights at the correct distance from plants.
- Use shade or light diffusers if growing outdoors in hot climates.
Growing Healthy Cannabis Plants
Successfully growing cannabis requires an understanding of its growth stages, environmental needs, and potential challenges. From the moment a seed germinates to the final harvest and curing process, each step plays a role in determining the quality, potency, and yield of the final product.
By providing the right amount of light, nutrients, water, and airflow at each stage, growers can ensure healthy plant development and maximize bud production. Managing factors like temperature, humidity, and pest control also helps prevent common issues that could affect growth.
Patience and attention to detail are key. Even experienced growers continue learning with each grow cycle, improving their techniques over time. Whether you’re growing for personal use or commercial production, a solid understanding of cannabis growth will lead to better yields and higher-quality buds.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Once cannabis has been dried and cured, proper storage is essential to maintain its potency, flavor, and freshness. Exposure to light, air, humidity, and temperature fluctuations can degrade cannabinoids and terpenes over time.
How long does it take to grow a cannabis plant from seed to harvest?
The full cannabis growth cycle can take anywhere from 3 to 8 months, depending on the strain and growing conditions. Autoflowers grow faster (8–12 weeks), while photoperiod strains take longer.
What are the main stages of cannabis growth?
Cannabis goes through six main stages:
- Germination (1–7 days)
- Seedling Stage (2–3 weeks)
- Vegetative Stage (3–15 weeks)
- Pre-Flowering Stage (1–2 weeks)
- Flowering Stage (6–8 weeks)
- Harvesting
What is the difference between autoflower and photoperiod cannabis?
Autoflowers automatically enter the flowering stage after a set time, while photoperiod strains require a change in light cycles (12 hours of darkness) to trigger flowering.
Can cannabis be grown indoors and outdoors?
Yes. Indoor growing allows for climate control and year-round harvests, while outdoor growing relies on natural sunlight and is dependent on seasonal changes.
How do I germinate cannabis seeds successfully?
: The best germination methods include:
- Paper towel method (moist paper towel in a dark place)
- Soaking seeds in water for 12–24 hours
Planting directly in soil (½ inch deep, moist but not soaked)
Why are my cannabis seeds not sprouting?
Possible reasons include old or non-viable seeds, incorrect moisture levels, or improper temperatures (ideal range: 70–85°F).
Why is my seedling stretching too much?
Seedlings stretch when they don’t receive enough light intensity. Move the light closer or use stronger grow lights.
How long should the vegetative stage last?
Autoflowers stay in veg for 2–4 weeks before flowering. Photoperiod plants can be kept in veg as long as needed by keeping lights on for 18+ hours per day.
Why are my cannabis leaves turning yellow in the vegetative stage?
Yellow leaves can be caused by:
- Nutrient deficiencies (lack of nitrogen or overfeeding)
- Overwatering or underwatering
- Light burn if the grow light is too close
How do I tell if my cannabis plant is male or female?
Female plants develop white, hair-like pistils at the nodes, while male plants grow small, round pollen sacs.
What should I do if I find a male plant?
If growing for buds, remove male plants immediately to prevent pollination of females, which would lead to seeded buds.
Can a cannabis plant turn into a hermaphrodite?
Yes. Stress factors like light leaks, temperature fluctuations, and genetics can cause a plant to develop both male and female reproductive parts.
How long does the flowering stage last?
6–8 weeks on average, but some sativa strains can take up to 12–14 weeks to fully mature.
How do I increase bud size during flowering?
To maximize bud growth:
- Provide 12 hours of uninterrupted darkness per day
- Use bloom nutrients rich in phosphorus and potassium
- Maintain proper humidity (40–50%) to prevent mold
What is the best temperature for flowering cannabis plants?
Ideal temperatures range from 65–80°F (18–27°C). Higher temperatures can reduce potency and aroma.
Why are my buds airy and not dense?
Airy buds can result from lack of light intensity, high temperatures, or improper nutrients. Strong grow lights and proper feeding improve bud density.
How do I know when my cannabis is ready to harvest?
Signs of a mature plant include:
- Pistils turn from white to orange/brown
- Trichomes change from clear to milky/amber
- Buds are dense and sticky
How should I dry harvested cannabis?
Hang buds upside down in a dark, ventilated room with 45–55% humidity for 7–14 days.
Why is curing cannabis important?
Curing removes excess moisture, enhances flavor, and preserves potency. Store dried buds in airtight jars, opening them daily for the first week to release trapped moisture.
How long does cannabis stay fresh after curing?
Properly cured cannabis can stay fresh for 6 months to a year if stored in airtight containers in a cool, dark place.
Why are my cannabis leaves curling?
Curling leaves can result from:
- Heat stress (move plants away from grow lights)
- Overwatering (allow soil to dry between waterings)
Nutrient burn (reduce feeding levels)
What causes cannabis plants to stop growing?
Stunted growth may be due to root rot, pH imbalance, poor lighting, or nutrient deficiencies.
Why do my cannabis plants smell bad during growth?
A strong, unpleasant smell can indicate mold, overwatering, or poor ventilation. Using air filtration systems can help reduce odors.
